What Are The Wheels On Tanks Called

What are the Wheels on Tanks Called? A Deep Dive into Tank Track Design and Terminology

The question, "What are the wheels on tanks called?" seems simple enough. However, the answer reveals a fascinating world of engineering, terminology, and military history. While the colloquial term "wheels" is often used, tanks don't actually use wheels in the traditional sense. Instead, they employ a complex system of interconnected components known as tracks or caterpillar tracks. Understanding these components and their specific names is key to appreciating the unique mobility and capabilities of tanks.

Beyond the Wheels: Understanding Tank Tracks

The "wheels" on a tank are part of a larger system called the track assembly. This assembly allows tanks to traverse diverse terrains, from muddy fields to rocky mountains, something wheeled vehicles struggle with. This system consists of several key components:

1. Drive Sprockets: The Power Behind the Tracks

The drive sprockets, also called drive wheels, are the toothed wheels located at the rear of the tank. These sprockets engage with the track's pins and links, transferring the engine's power to propel the tank forward or backward. They are the true "drivers" of the tank, responsible for the mechanical movement of the entire track system. The design and size of the drive sprockets play a critical role in the tank's performance, affecting its speed, traction, and overall maneuverability. Different tank designs utilize varying sprocket configurations, influenced by factors like engine power and desired operational capabilities. The material, usually hardened steel, needs to withstand immense stress and torque.

2. Idler Wheels: Guiding the Tracks

Located at the front of the tank, idler wheels (also known as return rollers) guide the track as it completes its circuit. Unlike drive sprockets, idler wheels do not contribute to the tank's propulsion; they simply guide the track's movement around the hull. Their smooth rotation is essential for efficient track movement and reducing friction. Their precise positioning ensures proper track tension, preventing slack which can cause derailment or damage to the tracks. The condition and alignment of idler wheels are crucial for the overall health and functionality of the track system.

3. Road Wheels (or Support Rollers): The Backbone of the System

The road wheels, also called support rollers or bogie wheels, are the numerous wheels positioned between the drive sprockets and idler wheels. These wheels support the weight of the tank and the track, distributing the load evenly along the length of the track. The number of road wheels varies significantly between tank designs, determined by factors like the tank's weight, track length, and desired ground pressure. More road wheels generally distribute weight better, leading to less ground pressure and improved maneuverability on soft terrain. They are subjected to significant stress and wear and are often made of durable steel or composite materials. Their design and arrangement can significantly affect the tank's ride quality and stability.

4. Track Shoes (or Track Links): The Moving Surface

The track shoes, or track links, are the individual metal plates that form the continuous loop of the track. These are connected by pins and bushings, allowing them to flex and conform to uneven terrain. The design of track shoes greatly impacts the tank's mobility. Their width determines the ground pressure, while their surface texture (e.g., smooth or patterned) affects traction and grip. These shoes are subjected to significant wear and tear, requiring regular maintenance and replacement. Materials used can include steel, rubber, or composites for specialized purposes. The design may incorporate features to improve traction in varied conditions, such as grousers (projections that increase surface area).

5. Track Tensioning Devices: Maintaining Optimal Track Tension

To ensure optimal performance and prevent track slippage or derailment, tanks utilize track tensioning devices. These mechanisms allow the crew to adjust the tension of the tracks. This is crucial for maintaining the proper alignment and preventing damage to other components of the track system. The precise tensioning depends on various factors such as temperature variations, wear and tear, and terrain. Incorrect tension can lead to premature wear and tear, performance degradation, and even track failure.

Variations in Track Design and Terminology

While the basic components remain consistent, variations in tank track design exist across different models and nations. These variations are often driven by specific requirements, such as operational environment, weight capacity, and desired performance characteristics. For example:

• Suspension systems: Different suspension systems—such as torsion bar, hydropneumatic, or hydro-pneumatic—affect the arrangement and functionality of the road wheels.
• Track width: Wider tracks distribute weight more effectively, improving mobility on soft ground. Narrower tracks improve maneuverability but can increase ground pressure.
• Track material: Steel remains the dominant material, but composite materials are increasingly used for specific applications.
• Track length: The number of track shoes affects the overall length of the track, influencing the tank's ground clearance and turning radius.

Beyond the Mechanics: The Strategic Importance of Tank Tracks

The design and condition of tank tracks are not merely engineering concerns; they are crucial to a tank's combat effectiveness. Damaged or poorly maintained tracks can severely limit a tank's mobility, rendering it vulnerable on the battlefield. Track damage is a common issue in combat, resulting from impacts, mines, or the strain of traversing challenging terrain. The ability to quickly repair or replace damaged tracks is essential for maintaining operational readiness. This underscores the importance of robust logistics and maintenance procedures for armored units.

Maintenance and Repair: Keeping the Tracks Rolling

The constant stress placed on tank tracks necessitates regular maintenance and repair. Inspections are crucial to identify worn parts or signs of damage before they compromise the tank's operational capabilities. Track links, road wheels, and other components are subject to wear and tear and may need replacing. The availability of spare parts and the skill of the maintenance personnel are critical for keeping tanks operational. In combat situations, field repairs may be necessary, highlighting the importance of portable repair kits and trained personnel capable of improvising solutions in challenging conditions.

Conclusion: More Than Just "Wheels"

The components of a tank's track system are far more intricate and complex than the simple term "wheels" might suggest. Understanding the specific terminology and function of the drive sprockets, idler wheels, road wheels, track shoes, and tensioning devices is essential to appreciating the sophisticated engineering behind tank mobility. The continuous evolution of tank track design reflects the ongoing pursuit of improved performance, reliability, and battlefield effectiveness. The seemingly straightforward question of what the wheels on a tank are called opens a window into a fascinating world of military engineering and the critical role tracks play in the operational success of armored vehicles. The reliability and effectiveness of these systems directly impact the combat capabilities of tanks, highlighting their strategic importance beyond their purely mechanical functions.